GovCon Acronym Decoder
Government contracting runs on shorthand. Search any acronym and get a plain-English definition, when you will run into it, whether you need one, and where it comes from.
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110 of 172 terms matching "CO"
Contracting Officer
The only person with legal authority to bind the government to a contract, obligate funds, or change your scope. Everything else is advice.
When you see it
On every solicitation, award document, and modification.
Do you need it
Direction from anyone other than the CO is not a change order. Get it in writing from the CO before you perform new work.
Where it comes from
Appointed by warrant under FAR Subpart 1.6.
Contracting Officer
The only person with legal authority to bind the government to a contract, obligate funds, or change your scope. Everything else is advice.
When you see it
On every solicitation, award document, and modification.
Do you need it
Direction from anyone other than the CO is not a change order. Get it in writing from the CO before you perform new work.
Where it comes from
Appointed by warrant under FAR Subpart 1.6.
Contracting Officer's Representative
The technical eyes and ears of the CO, usually located with the program. The COR monitors performance and accepts deliverables, but cannot change price, scope, or terms.
When you see it
Day to day, once you are performing a contract.
Do you need it
Your closest working relationship. But if the COR asks for something outside scope, route it to the CO first.
Where it comes from
Designated in writing by the CO.
Administrative Contracting Officer
The CO responsible for administering the contract after award, often at DCMA.
When you see it
During performance, on modifications and rate matters.
Do you need it
Yes, once you have DoD contracts under administration.
Where it comes from
FAR Part 42.
Subcontract
A contract between a prime contractor and another company to perform part of the government work.
When you see it
The most common entry point into federal work for a new contractor.
Do you need it
Subcontract past performance still counts. Get it documented.
Where it comes from
Commercial contract, governed by flow-down clauses.
Related terms
Small Business Subcontracting Plan
A plan large primes must submit on certain contracts committing to specific percentages of subcontracting to small business categories.
When you see it
On large contracts, and in the goals your prime is trying to hit with you.
Do you need it
Small businesses do not submit one, but you benefit from primes needing to meet their goals.
Where it comes from
FAR Subpart 19.7.
Accounting Classification Reference Number
A two-character code tying a CLIN or SLIN to a specific pot of government money (a line of accounting).
When you see it
On the contract's accounting data page and on invoices in WAWF.
Do you need it
Yes on multi-funded contracts. Invoicing against the wrong ACRN is a routine cause of payment delays.
Where it comes from
The funding office, reflected on the contract.
Commercial and Government Entity Code
A five-character code that identifies a specific facility or location of your company to the federal government. It ties your company to a physical address.
When you see it
On your SAM registration, on contract award documents, in DoD systems, and any time a prime asks for your company data.
Do you need it
Yes, and you do not apply separately for it. When you complete your SAM.gov registration, a CAGE code is assigned to you automatically.
Where it comes from
Assigned by the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) through the Defense Logistics Information Service. Foreign entities get an NCAGE instead.
Cost Accounting Standards
Rules governing how certain large contractors measure, assign, and allocate costs.
When you see it
On large cost-type contracts. Most small businesses are exempt.
Do you need it
Usually not at the start, but understand the exemption you are relying on.
Where it comes from
48 CFR Chapter 99.
Related terms
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Public health agency within HHS with its own contracting shop.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Contract Data Requirements List
The list of formal data deliverables required under a contract, with formats and due dates. Common in DoD.
When you see it
As DD Form 1423 attachments to DoD contracts.
Do you need it
Price the effort to produce them. CDRLs are real cost.
Where it comes from
Program office, DoD.
Related terms
Contract Claim
A formal written demand for payment, adjustment, or interpretation under the Contract Disputes Act.
When you see it
When an REA is denied and the dispute escalates.
Do you need it
Get counsel. Certification requirements and timelines are strict.
Where it comes from
Contract Disputes Act, FAR Part 33.
Contract Line Item Number
A numbered line on the contract identifying a deliverable, its quantity, price, and contract type. Contracts are paid and modified by CLIN.
When you see it
On the pricing schedule (Section B) and on every invoice.
Do you need it
Yes. Price and invoice by CLIN exactly as structured, or your invoices will get rejected.
Where it comes from
Structured by the contracting office per FAR Subpart 4.10.
Cost Plus Award Fee
Cost reimbursement where part of the fee is earned based on subjective performance evaluations.
When you see it
On long-running service programs with award fee boards.
Do you need it
Requires strong performance reporting discipline.
Where it comes from
FAR 16.305.
Contractor Performance Assessment Reporting System
The government's official system for rating contractor performance. Your CPARS ratings follow you and are read by evaluators on future bids.
When you see it
Annually during performance and at contract completion.
Do you need it
You do not register for it; the government writes the evaluation. You get to comment, so read every rating and respond.
Where it comes from
Managed by the Naval Sea Logistics Center for the whole federal government.
Related terms
Cost Plus Fixed Fee
The government reimburses your allowable costs and pays a fixed fee that does not change with actual cost. Used for research and other uncertain work.
When you see it
On R&D, engineering studies, and high-uncertainty programs.
Do you need it
Cost-reimbursement work requires an accounting system determined adequate by DCAA. Do not chase it before you are ready.
Where it comes from
FAR 16.306.
Related terms
Contract Specialist
The acquisition professional who does most of the hands-on work on a solicitation and file, usually working under a CO's warrant.
When you see it
As the point of contact on many solicitations.
Do you need it
Often your most responsive contact during a competition.
Where it comes from
Contracting office.
Controlled Unclassified Information
Sensitive but unclassified government information that requires safeguarding, such as technical drawings or personnel data.
When you see it
In markings on documents you receive and in the clauses that govern handling it.
Do you need it
If your contract involves CUI, your systems and training have to meet the requirements.
Where it comes from
Executive Order 13556, implemented by 32 CFR Part 2002.
Davis-Bacon Act
Prevailing wage requirements for federal construction contracts above a threshold.
When you see it
On construction and renovation work.
Do you need it
If you do federal construction, yes. Certified payrolls are required.
Where it comes from
Department of Labor, FAR Subpart 22.4.
Defense Contract Audit Agency
The agency that audits contractor costs, accounting systems, and incurred cost submissions for DoD and other agencies.
When you see it
On cost-reimbursement work, and in pre-award accounting system surveys.
Do you need it
If you want cost-type work, your accounting system has to be adequate. Build for it early.
Where it comes from
Department of Defense.
Related terms
Defense Contract Management Agency
The agency that administers DoD contracts after award, including surveillance and rate agreements.
When you see it
As the administering office on your DoD contract.
Do you need it
Once you have administered contracts, DCMA is a key relationship.
Where it comes from
Department of Defense.
Defense Finance and Accounting Service
The organization that pays most DoD invoices.
When you see it
As the payment office on DoD contracts.
Do you need it
Know your paying office and your entitlement contacts if payment stalls.
Where it comes from
Department of Defense.
Department of Commerce
Includes NOAA, Census, NIST, and USPTO.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Economically Disadvantaged Women-Owned Small Business
A WOSB whose owners also meet economic disadvantage criteria, eligible for a narrower set of set-asides.
When you see it
On EDWOSB-specific set-asides.
Do you need it
Only if you meet both the ownership and the economic criteria.
Where it comes from
SBA certification.
Electronic Subcontracting Reporting System
The system where primes report their small business subcontracting achievements.
When you see it
If you hold a contract with a subcontracting plan.
Do you need it
Only if you are a prime with a plan.
Where it comes from
GSA, part of the integrated award environment.
Related terms
Federal Contract Information
Information provided by or generated for the government under a contract that is not intended for public release.
When you see it
In FAR 52.204-21 basic safeguarding requirements, which apply broadly.
Do you need it
Almost every contractor handles FCI, so the basic safeguarding controls apply to nearly everyone.
Where it comes from
FAR 52.204-21.
Government Accountability Office
The forum where most bid protests are filed and decided, and the government's audit watchdog.
When you see it
When you or a competitor protests an award decision.
Do you need it
Protest timelines are counted in days. Know them before you need them.
Where it comes from
Legislative branch.
Related terms
Government-Wide Acquisition Contract
A multiple award IT contract that any federal agency can order from. Examples include Alliant, VETS, and 8(a) STARS.
When you see it
On federal IT buys of nearly any size.
Do you need it
Only if you sell IT products or services. Getting on one is a competitive process of its own.
Where it comes from
GSA, NASA (SEWP), and NIH (CIO-SP) run the major GWACs.
Incurred Cost Submission
The annual submission of actual indirect rates and costs required on cost-reimbursement and T&M contracts.
When you see it
Six months after your fiscal year end, every year you hold covered contracts.
Do you need it
Yes if you have flexibly priced contracts. Missing it creates real contractual problems.
Where it comes from
FAR 52.216-7.
Related terms
Contracting Officer
The same role as CO. The 'K' is longstanding shorthand for 'contract' in government writing, so KO and CO mean the same person.
When you see it
In DoD and legacy documents and emails.
Do you need it
Just know it is the same person as the CO.
Where it comes from
Convention, not regulation.
Limitations on Subcontracting
The rule that on set-aside awards, the small business prime must perform a required percentage of the work itself rather than pass it all through.
When you see it
On every set-aside contract, in FAR 52.219-14.
Do you need it
Yes. Violating it is a compliance and eligibility problem, not just a contract issue.
Where it comes from
FAR 52.219-14 and 13 CFR 125.6.
Related terms
Multiple Award Contract
An IDIQ awarded to several contractors who then compete against each other for individual task orders.
When you see it
On large agency-wide or government-wide vehicles.
Do you need it
If your target agency buys through a MAC, you generally have to be a holder to compete.
Where it comes from
FAR Subpart 16.5.
Related terms
Contract Modification
A formal change to an existing contract, whether bilateral (both sign) or unilateral (government only).
When you see it
Throughout performance, for funding, scope, and period changes.
Do you need it
No scope change is real until it is in a signed mod from the CO.
Where it comes from
FAR Part 43.
NATO Commercial and Government Entity Code
The CAGE code equivalent for entities located outside the United States.
When you see it
When a non-U.S. entity registers in SAM.gov or joins a team as a foreign sub.
Do you need it
Only if your entity is based outside the United States.
Where it comes from
NATO Support and Procurement Agency (NSPA).
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Regulatory agency buying technical, licensing, and IT support.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Organizational Conflict of Interest
A situation where your other work gives you an unfair competitive advantage or impairs your objectivity, such as writing requirements and then bidding on them.
When you see it
In solicitation representations and in mitigation plans required before award.
Do you need it
You must disclose potential OCIs and often submit a mitigation plan. An unmitigated OCI can disqualify you.
Where it comes from
FAR Subpart 9.5.
Product Service Code
A four-character code describing what is actually being bought (a specific product or service), as opposed to NAICS which describes the industry doing the work.
When you see it
On solicitations, award notices, and spend data when you do market research.
Do you need it
You do not register for a PSC, but knowing your PSCs makes your opportunity searches and spend analysis far more accurate.
Where it comes from
Maintained by GSA.
Quality Control Plan
Your plan for controlling your own quality, as opposed to the government's QASP for surveilling it.
When you see it
As a required proposal volume or post-award deliverable.
Do you need it
Yes, on most service contracts. Map it directly to the QASP metrics.
Where it comes from
Contractor-developed.
Service Contract Act
Requires contractors on covered service contracts to pay prevailing wages and fringe benefits set by Department of Labor wage determinations.
When you see it
On service contracts with a wage determination attached to the solicitation.
Do you need it
If it applies, you must price to the wage determination. Ignoring it is a common and expensive mistake.
Where it comes from
Department of Labor, implemented via FAR Subpart 22.10.
Securities and Exchange Commission
Financial regulator buying IT, data, and analytical services.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Summary Subcontract Report
The periodic summary of subcontracting dollars filed in eSRS.
When you see it
In annual reporting cycles for primes with plans.
Do you need it
Only as a prime with a subcontracting plan.
Where it comes from
eSRS.
Related terms
Contractor Teaming Agreement
A written agreement between a prime and a planned subcontractor to pursue a specific opportunity together and define the work split if they win.
When you see it
Before proposal submission on any teamed pursuit.
Do you need it
Always paper the deal before you exchange proposal content.
Where it comes from
FAR Subpart 9.6.
Related terms
Truthful Cost or Pricing Data Act
Requires certified cost or pricing data on certain non-competitive awards above a threshold, and allows the government to reduce the price if the data was defective.
When you see it
On sole source awards and large modifications.
Do you need it
Most small commercial buys are exempt, but know when the threshold applies.
Where it comes from
10 U.S.C. and 41 U.S.C., implemented in FAR Subpart 15.4.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
One of the largest federal buyers of construction, environmental, and engineering services.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
U.S. Coast Guard
Coast Guard acquisition, part of the Department of Homeland Security.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
U.S. Marine Corps
Marine Corps systems and installation contracting.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
8(a) Business Development Program
A nine-year SBA development program for socially and economically disadvantaged small businesses. Participants can receive sole source and set-aside awards.
When you see it
On set-aside solicitations and in sole source awards up to specific thresholds.
Do you need it
Only if you qualify. It is the most powerful certification if you use it with a plan.
Where it comes from
SBA certification.
APEX Accelerator
Free, federally funded local counseling for government contractors. Formerly known as PTACs (Procurement Technical Assistance Centers).
When you see it
When you need free help with registration, bid matching, or proposal review.
Do you need it
Every new contractor should use their local APEX Accelerator. It costs nothing.
Where it comes from
Department of Defense Office of Small Business Programs.
Basic Ordering Agreement
A written instrument of understanding that sets terms in advance for future orders, without committing the government to buy anything.
When you see it
In DoD supply and repair buying.
Do you need it
It can shorten the path to orders, but it is not a contract until an order is placed.
Where it comes from
FAR 16.703.
Blanket Purchase Agreement
A simplified, pre-negotiated arrangement for repeat purchases. It sets terms and pricing so the agency can place orders quickly without a new competition each time.
When you see it
On recurring supplies and services, often built on top of a GSA Schedule.
Do you need it
A BPA is not a contract award by itself; orders under it are. But holding one makes you very easy to buy from.
Where it comes from
FAR 8.405-3 (Schedule BPAs) or FAR 13.303 (simplified BPAs).
Related terms
Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification
DoD's program for verifying that contractors meet cybersecurity requirements before handling sensitive defense information.
When you see it
In DoD solicitations and flow-down clauses from defense primes.
Do you need it
If you handle FCI or CUI for DoD, yes. The required level depends on the data you touch.
Where it comes from
Department of Defense.
Department of Homeland Security
Includes CBP, FEMA, TSA, Coast Guard, ICE, and Secret Service buying.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Defense Information Systems Agency
DoD's IT and communications agency.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Defense Logistics Agency
The DoD combat support agency that buys supplies, fuel, parts, and logistics services. Also issues CAGE codes.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Department of Defense
The largest federal buyer by far, covering the military departments and defense agencies.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
DoD Office of Small Business Programs
The Pentagon-level small business office setting policy for all defense components.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Department of Energy
Buys through national laboratories and management and operating contracts.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Department of Labor
Also the source of wage determinations under SCA and Davis-Bacon.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Federal Acquisition Regulation
The primary rulebook for how the federal government buys. Every federal contract is built on it, and its clauses become part of your contract.
When you see it
Cited constantly in solicitations, usually as clause numbers like 52.212-4.
Do you need it
You do not need to memorize it, but you must read the clauses actually incorporated into your contract.
Where it comes from
Issued jointly by DoD, GSA, and NASA. Free at acquisition.gov.
Firm Fixed Price
One price for a defined scope. You keep the savings if you perform efficiently and you absorb the loss if you do not. Maximum risk to the contractor, minimum risk to the government.
When you see it
On well-defined commercial products and services. The most common contract type for new contractors.
Do you need it
Price it carefully. There is no true-up later.
Where it comes from
FAR 16.202.
Flow-Down Clause
A FAR or agency clause the prime is required to pass through to subcontractors, making it binding on you too.
When you see it
In the terms attached to any subcontract you sign.
Do you need it
Read them. You inherit real obligations, including cybersecurity and labor requirements.
Where it comes from
FAR and agency supplements.
Related terms
Procurement Forecast
An agency's published list of anticipated contract actions for the coming year, including estimated value and set-aside intent.
When you see it
On agency OSDBU pages and in the government-wide forecast tool.
Do you need it
This is where capture starts. Forecast entries are 6 to 18 months ahead of the solicitation.
Where it comes from
Agency OSDBUs.
Related terms
Federal Procurement Data System
The government's database of federal contract award actions. It is where spend data lives.
When you see it
During market research, competitor analysis, and recompete tracking.
Do you need it
No registration needed. It is a research tool.
Where it comes from
GSA.
Related terms
Fixed Price Incentive Fee
A fixed price contract with a formula that shares cost overruns and underruns between the government and the contractor up to a ceiling price.
When you see it
On production programs, mostly in DoD.
Do you need it
Understand the share ratio and the point of total assumption before signing.
Where it comes from
FAR 16.403.
General and Administrative Expense
The cost of running the business as a whole (executive salaries, accounting, business development) allocated across all work.
When you see it
As a rate applied near the bottom of your price build-up.
Do you need it
Every contractor has G&A whether or not they calculate it. Calculate it.
Where it comes from
FAR Part 31.
Related terms
Historically Underutilized Business Zone Program
An SBA certification for small businesses located in and employing residents of designated economically distressed areas.
When you see it
On HUBZone set-asides and in price evaluation preferences.
Do you need it
Only if your principal office and workforce meet the requirements.
Where it comes from
SBA certification.
Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity
A contract that establishes terms and a ceiling, then issues actual work through task orders or delivery orders over time. Winning the IDIQ is a hunting license, not guaranteed revenue.
When you see it
On most large multi-year federal services and products programs.
Do you need it
Getting on the right IDIQs is how many contractors build predictable pipelines. Expect a minimum guarantee that is small.
Where it comes from
FAR Subpart 16.5.
Related terms
Indirect Rate
The rates (fringe, overhead, G&A) that allocate costs you cannot charge directly to a single contract.
When you see it
In every price proposal and every cost audit.
Do you need it
You need defensible rates before you price anything cost-based.
Where it comes from
Your accounting system, tested against FAR Part 31 cost principles.
Proper Invoice
An invoice containing every element the contract requires. Anything missing means the clock on payment does not start.
When you see it
Monthly, on every active contract.
Do you need it
Check the contract's invoicing clause line by line the first time. Most payment delays are invoice defects.
Where it comes from
FAR 52.232-25 (Prompt Payment).
Level of Effort
Work priced and measured by hours or staff-years applied rather than by a specific deliverable outcome.
When you see it
On staffing and support contracts, often paired with T&M or CPFF.
Do you need it
Track hours precisely. Under-delivered hours can mean money back to the government.
Where it comes from
FAR 16.306(d).
Lowest Price Technically Acceptable
An evaluation method where every acceptable proposal is compared on price alone. Cheapest acceptable wins.
When you see it
In Section M of commodity-like solicitations.
Do you need it
Do not write a premium technical solution for an LPTA. Write to acceptable, then price to win.
Where it comes from
FAR Part 15.
Related terms
Multiple Award Schedule
GSA's government-wide catalog contract (formerly known as the GSA Schedule or Federal Supply Schedule). Once you hold a MAS contract, any federal buyer can order from your negotiated catalog.
When you see it
Across almost every federal category of products and services.
Do you need it
Only if you have federal demand to support it. A Schedule is a sales channel, not a lead generator.
Where it comes from
General Services Administration.
SBA Mentor-Protege Program
An SBA program pairing a small business with a more experienced mentor, allowing joint ventures that can compete for small business set-asides.
When you see it
In teaming strategies for larger set-aside pursuits.
Do you need it
Only if you have a real mentor relationship and a growth plan behind it.
Where it comes from
SBA.
North American Industry Classification System
The six-digit codes that classify what an industry does. Each federal opportunity is assigned one NAICS code, and that code determines the small business size standard for that opportunity.
When you see it
On every solicitation, in your SAM profile, and in every market research report.
Do you need it
Yes, you select the codes that describe your business in SAM. Note that the contracting agency, not you, assigns the NAICS on a given opportunity.
Where it comes from
U.S. Census Bureau maintains the codes; SBA sets the size standard for each one.
National Institute of Standards and Technology
The agency whose publications, especially SP 800-171, define the security controls contractors must implement for controlled information.
When you see it
Referenced in DFARS clauses and cybersecurity requirements.
Do you need it
If you handle CUI, NIST SP 800-171 compliance is required.
Where it comes from
U.S. Department of Commerce.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Buys scientific services, vessels, and IT within Commerce.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
National Science Foundation
Research funding agency with facilities and IT contracting.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Overhead
Costs that support a group of contracts but cannot be traced to one, such as supervision, facilities, and tools.
When you see it
As a rate applied to direct labor in your pricing.
Do you need it
Yes, if you want to know your true cost of delivery.
Where it comes from
FAR Part 31.
Related terms
Procurement Integrated Enterprise Environment
DoD's umbrella platform for contracting systems, including WAWF invoicing, contract documents, and vendor roles.
When you see it
On any DoD contract, from award through payment.
Do you need it
Yes for DoD work. Registration requires a company administrator and role approvals, so start it before award, not after.
Where it comes from
Department of Defense.
Period of Performance
The start and end dates during which you are authorized to perform and incur cost.
When you see it
On the award document and every modification.
Do you need it
Work outside the PoP may not be paid. Watch the dates.
Where it comes from
Contract.
Performance Work Statement
A statement of work written in terms of outcomes and measurable standards rather than prescribed steps. It gives you freedom in how you deliver.
When you see it
On performance-based service contracts, usually paired with a QASP.
Do you need it
Your approach should show you can hit the standards, not just repeat them back.
Where it comes from
Contracting office, per FAR Subpart 37.6.
Request for Equitable Adjustment
A request for additional time or money when the government causes a change to your cost or schedule.
When you see it
When constructive changes, delays, or differing conditions occur.
Do you need it
Document contemporaneously. REAs live and die on records you kept at the time.
Where it comes from
FAR changes clauses.
Request for Information
A market research tool. The agency is gathering information about capabilities, pricing ranges, and industry approaches. No award comes from an RFI.
When you see it
Months before a solicitation is released. This is your best chance to shape it.
Do you need it
You are not required to respond, but responding gets you on the agency's radar and can influence the eventual requirement.
Where it comes from
Issued by the contracting office or program office.
Related terms
Request for Quote
A request for pricing on a defined requirement. Usually simpler and faster than an RFP, and common for commercial items and simplified acquisitions.
When you see it
On smaller buys, GSA Schedule orders, and simplified acquisitions.
Do you need it
You respond with a quote. A quote is an offer to sell, not a binding offer in the FAR Part 15 sense.
Where it comes from
Issued by the contracting office, often under FAR Part 13 or Part 8.
Rule of Two
If the contracting officer reasonably expects offers from at least two capable small businesses at fair market prices, the requirement must be set aside for small business.
When you see it
In set-aside decisions and in protests about them.
Do you need it
It is why responding to sources sought notices matters. Your response can help create the two.
Where it comes from
FAR 19.502-2.
Related terms
System for Award Management
The federal government's official registration database. Every entity that wants to receive a federal contract or grant must have an active registration here.
When you see it
Before you can bid anything, and every year after that when your registration comes up for renewal.
Do you need it
Yes. An active SAM registration is mandatory before award, and most agencies check it before they will even talk to you.
Where it comes from
General Services Administration (GSA) operates SAM.gov. Registration is free.
Small Business Administration
The federal agency that sets size standards, runs the socioeconomic certification programs, and advocates for small business across government.
When you see it
Everywhere size status, certifications, and set-asides come up.
Do you need it
Yes. Your certifications and size status all trace back to SBA rules.
Where it comes from
U.S. Small Business Administration.
Small Business Development Center
SBA-funded local centers offering free business advising, generally on the commercial side.
When you see it
When you need help with business planning, financing, or operations.
Do you need it
Useful complement to an APEX Accelerator.
Where it comes from
SBA.
Small Business Liaison Officer
The person at a large prime contractor responsible for their small business subcontracting program.
When you see it
When you approach primes for teaming and subcontracting work.
Do you need it
Your entry point into a prime's supplier base.
Where it comes from
Prime contractor, required by their subcontracting plan.
Related terms
Small Disadvantaged Business
A small business at least 51 percent owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals.
When you see it
In agency goaling and subcontracting plans.
Do you need it
It is a self-certified status unless you are in the 8(a) program.
Where it comes from
SBA.
Service-Disabled Veteran-Owned Small Business
A small business at least 51 percent owned and controlled by one or more service-disabled veterans. Certification is now handled by SBA.
When you see it
On SDVOSB set-asides government-wide and especially at VA.
Do you need it
Certification is required to win SDVOSB set-asides.
Where it comes from
SBA Veteran Small Business Certification (VetCert).
Set-Aside
A requirement reserved for competition among a specific category of businesses, such as small business, 8(a), HUBZone, WOSB, or SDVOSB.
When you see it
In the solicitation header on SAM.gov.
Do you need it
Filtering for set-asides you qualify for is the fastest way to improve your win odds.
Where it comes from
FAR Part 19.
Related terms
Standard Form 1449
The standard solicitation and award form used for commercial products and services.
When you see it
As the cover page of most commercial-item solicitations.
Do you need it
Sign and return it correctly. Errors here can make an otherwise good offer unawardable.
Where it comes from
GSA standard forms.
Special Item Number
The category within the GSA Schedule that groups similar products or services. Your MAS contract is awarded against specific SINs.
When you see it
During GSA Schedule proposal preparation and in buyer searches on GSA Advantage.
Do you need it
Yes, if you pursue a GSA Schedule. Picking the right SINs is a strategic decision.
Where it comes from
GSA.
Subline Item Number
A subdivision of a CLIN used to break out different funding sources, delivery dates, or components under the same line item.
When you see it
On contracts funded by multiple appropriations or with phased deliveries.
Do you need it
Invoice at the SLIN level when the contract requires it.
Where it comes from
FAR Subpart 4.10.
Time and Materials
You bill fixed hourly labor rates plus the actual cost of materials, up to a ceiling. Used when the scope of effort cannot be estimated up front.
When you see it
On support services, maintenance, and emergent work.
Do you need it
Your labor rates carry your profit, so build them correctly. The government requires surveillance on T&M work.
Where it comes from
FAR 16.601.
U.S. Army
The Army's contracting community, including ACC and Corps of Engineers districts.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
U.S. Air Force
Air Force contracting, including major systems and installation support.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
U.S. Agency for International Development
International development contracting and grants.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
USAspending.gov
The public site that reports all federal spending, including contracts, grants, and loans.
When you see it
During market research and when sizing an agency's budget for what you sell.
Do you need it
No. It is a free research resource.
Where it comes from
U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Related terms
U.S. Navy
Navy and Marine Corps buying commands including NAVSEA, NAVAIR, and NAVFAC.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Department of Veterans Affairs
A major buyer of healthcare, construction, and IT, with strong veteran-owned set-aside programs.
When you see it
In solicitation headers, forecasts, and outreach events. Knowing which component inside the agency actually buys what you sell is the real work.
Do you need it
If this agency buys what you sell, start with their small business office. They publish forecasts, host outreach, and will take a capability briefing.
Where it comes from
Federal agency. Small business support runs through their OSDBU or equivalent office.
Veteran-Owned Small Business
A small business at least 51 percent owned and controlled by veterans.
When you see it
Primarily in VA contracting, where VOSB set-asides exist.
Do you need it
Certification through SBA VetCert is required for VA set-asides.
Where it comes from
SBA.
Wage Determination
The Department of Labor document listing minimum hourly wages and fringe rates by labor category and locality for a covered contract.
When you see it
Attached to service and construction solicitations.
Do you need it
It sets the floor of your labor cost. Build your price from it.
Where it comes from
Department of Labor (sam.gov hosts them).
Women-Owned Small Business
A federal contracting program for small businesses at least 51 percent owned and controlled by women, with a subset for economically disadvantaged owners (EDWOSB).
When you see it
On WOSB and EDWOSB set-asides in eligible NAICS codes.
Do you need it
Certification through SBA is required to receive set-aside awards under the program.
Where it comes from
SBA certification (or an approved third-party certifier).
Knowing the words is step one
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